Up to 1400

• Carte Pisane (Pujades C1)- there are areas of illegibility

• Cortona chart (Pujades C2) - there are areas of illegibility, with the red sometimes very faded

• Vesconte - the 'early' column refers to the 1311 chart, substituted by the 1313 atlas for the Atlantic and west Mediterranean (Pujades C3 & A1); the 'later' column records subsequent names added by the Vescontes

• Lucca chart (recently discovered and not in Pujades) - several red names show as traces only; some are likely to be unusual; a later attempt at a full transcription should enable more red names to be identified - on this see the article by Philipp Billion, 'A newly discovered fragment from the Lucca Archives, Italy', Imago Mundi: the International Journal for the History of Cartography 63: 1 (2011): 1-21.

• Dalorto/Dulceti - the pattern on the 1330 and 1339 charts is almost identical. In a few cases - 411 magalona, 536 teracina, 571 policastro, 679 ortona, 1040 asprosa - the area was unclear on the 1330 chart; in others, e.g., 377 salo, 1078 cisopoli and 1482 alesandretta, the 1330's red name was not repeated in 1339. "&" indicates a name seen first on the 1339 chart; "+" refers to names first seen on the undated [but post-1339] British Library chart - Pujades C9

• Carignano (Pujades C6) - it was too difficult to make out names on the photograph of the chart destroyed in World War II. [Update: A composite version of the pre-War photographs of the Carignano map, engineered by Alberto Quartapelle in August 2022, is available in the Medea database.]

• the early Genoese chart (ex Nico Israel and Hôtel Drouot) is faded and has smudged sections; some red names may have been missed (Pujades C9bis)

• Majorcan chart (Pujades C12) - there are no red names; they were either washed out or were never present

• the 1367 Pizzigani chart treats some of the more important places with vignettes or flags; since their names would not appear in the coastal sequence they were not necessarily noted. Although the red toponyms stand out on the Pujades DVD it is very difficult to read the surrounding black names and hence identify those by context. Access in June 2014 to a high resolution version of the skilful hand-drawn copy made for the Jomard facsimile atlas, c.1849, allowed the first instance in red of a number of places to be transferred from the 1373 atlas to the 1367 chart. This applied particularly to Italy's Adriatic coastline.
        The two later sheets in the 1373 atlas (Pujades A10(b)), covering the Adriatic (sh.8) and Aegean (sh.6), repeat the majority of red names found on the atlas's original sheets. However, there are some significant differences - various omissions, but also red names not found on one or both of the other Pizzigani works, e.g. 654 Barletta, a name that appears (improbably) as sortnbla (where the non-Pizziganian red name lastromola (1032) might have been expected); and a name otherwise unrecorded in red, 1035 cristopoli

• Cresques atel[ier] - the column contains a composite listing of the red names on Pujades C15, 18, 19 & 22 (the Topkapi chart, C20, could not be reproduced by Pujades)

• the fragment formerly in the possession of Prince Youssouf Kamal could be reproduced in black and white only (Pujades C23)

• Beccari. Those names shown in red on the Cornaro Atlas copy of an F. Beccari chart, but not thus on the signed chart of 1403, are indicated in the table with a red asterisk (*). The seven instances which mark the first appearance of that name are indicated by an enlarged, black asterisk. While the majority of the Cornaro's red name selections match those of 1403, it is possible that exceptions might be mistakes by the unknown copyist. The 1426 and 1435 Battista Beccari charts (Pujades C36 & 39) - both of which exclude the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea - follow closely his father Francesco's chart of 1403. The significant differences are that the 1403 innovation of a red monte argentar (520) is not repeated, while in 1426 Battista writes two new names in red: 73 arabom and 552 vico (indicated in the table with a minus sign).

• Sentuzo Pongeto, fragments of a chart of 1404 - reproduced in black and white only (C26)

• Viladesters (M. & J.) - none of the three surviving charts (1413, 1423 or 1428) was wholly legible. The 1428 chart, because it is in the Topkapi Museum, Istanbul, could not be included on the Pujades DVD. However the western half is reproduced legibly in Pujades (2009, pp.80-1). That was used where possible and the 1413 chart (Pujades C30) elsewhere

• Medici Atlas (Pujades A25) omits all red names from sheet 4, covering Spain and N. Africa

• Bianco - the 1436 atlas is hard to read and his names are often so corrupted (e.g. for the North Atlantic) that only the position of those in red suggests what might be intended. However, there are considerable differences between the atlas and the 1448 chart. Sheet 8 of the 1436 atlas has all the names in red, and has therefore been omitted from this analysis

• R. Soler - the signed (but undated) chart (Pujades C52) starts at 254 faraom. Red names up to that point have been taken from the attributed chart (Pujades C51). No differences in the red names were noted between the overlapping sections, though it was not possible to confirm the reading of the single innovation on C52 (1409 statea) but it is likely

• Benincasa - the 1463 atlas was checked and no differences were found between that and the atlas of 1469 (Pujades A33 & 41)

• Russo. Because the scan of the 1520 chart was clearer, the initial analysis was done from that rather than the 1508 chart. However, all apparent innovations on the 1520 chart were checked on the 1508 version. Just three of the many instances (marked on the table with +) were not seen on the earlier chart.

• Sideri (Callapoda) - the latest available chart was used (that of 1565). The Freduccis and Sideri were slavish imitators of the Benincasas. Since this applied also to the choice of red names, the Sideri column has been highlighted in grey and repeated immediately after Benincasa to allow direct comparison. As was found with the ordinary (black) place-names, Benincasa's Freducci/Sideri successors seriously distorted the observed pattern of toponymic obsolescence, preserving some names for half a century or so after almost all other chartmakers (except sometimes Agnese) had abandoned them. [Where a Sideri work is the last to include a red name, this fact is noted in a separate column in the Summary Table of Red Names: their appearance, frequency and disappearance (a Microsoft Word document)]

• Maggiolo family. No adequate facsimile was available to me for either of the 1512 charts (since the Hispanic Society reproduction is in black and white) and so the 1516 chart was used instead, supplemented by the more legible one of 1519

The Pujades' listings

Good use has been made of the detailed comparative tables in the 2007 volume, covering Valencia/Catalunya and the northern Adriatic. This relates to my numbers 340-401 and 706-833 respectively. A few corrections had to be made to Pujades's red colour indications. The same applies to the listing for the 1439 Vallseca chart in the 2009 volume, where the colour of some names was wrongly identified.

Toponymy on charts produced outside the Mediterranean

It was noticed that there were marked differences in the selection of names on Portuguese, French and English charts. Those charts have therefore been excluded from this analysis, since they would have seriously obscured any patterns that have otherwise emerged.

This applied particularly to the Atlantic coastline. For example, the 1543 Brouscon chart (available online via the Huntington Library) includes a number of otherwise unrecorded names for the French coast. Likewise, a century later, the charts of the Thames or Drapers' School, as evidenced by Comberford and Burston, have a distinctive toponymy for the same region, something that would merit investigation.

Starting with the Aguiar chart of 1492 it is apparent that Portuguese toponymy, and the selection of red names, is quite unlike Italian and Catalan work. It is often difficult to match up the Aguiar names with those found on contemporary Mediterranean charts. Indeed, a number are unrecognisable, whether on the chart itself or in the Guerreiro transcription.

It was, nevertheless, planned to check the Aguiar chart to see if it showed in red any names first noted thus for the 16th century. However it swiftly became clear that its author's selection of red names apparently followed a different logic to that of the Mediterranean chartmakers. Many of the usual names were ignored, while numerous relatively obscure places were favoured instead. The 1492 chart was therefore omitted entirely from this analysis, although any first instances of black names had been noted in the earlier, general toponymic analysis.