(the entries in this section should be considered for all parts of the world)

• American Geographical Society Library. 'Digital Map Collection' ('over 5000 maps, ranging from early maps of Asia to historical maps of Wisconsin and Milwaukee, and other American cities, states, and national parks', enlargeable to very high res. - American Geographical Society Library). Also a selection of 99 maps, with captions, courtesy of the World Digital Library

• Amsterdam University Library. 'Kaartencollectie' (702 images relating to 428 atlas maps and single and multi-sheet separate maps, enlargeable to very high res., covering The Netherlands and the rest of the world; you can browse (‘Blader door de collectie’) and search (‘Zoek in de collectie'); and select from the menu at the left, offering groups of images with introductory text (in Dutch), including pages devoted to wall-maps (with the 1639 Colom map treated separately), the work of C. Claesz, water-feature mapping, the Atlas Van Schagen, the Goos 'Paskaart van Oost-Indië (c.1658', etc. [click on the brown text to gain access to high res. images; or browse through groups of 10 pre-selected maps). [Update March 2008: a further 3,400 images (about half of them cartographic) were added from various Dutch town books - for details see Jan Werner's message to MapHist]. [Further update (July 2008): see Bijzondere Collecties (click on 'Op titel', then K and M respectively, for the collections of the Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap (KNAG) - click 'Overzicht beelden' for 29 map scans, enlargeable to very high res. - and Fred. Muller & Co. (3 images)]

• The Barry Lawrence Ruderman Collection (6,992 high res. images [December 2014] (which can then be panned) of early maps, covering all parts of the world, sold by the dealer in La Jolla, California - mounted on the Stanford University Image Gallery) {September, 2009}

• Basel Mission Archives (6,700 maps, sketches and plans, enlargeable to high res., relating to various parts of the world where the different Protestant missions operated - select 'Browse - Geography' for an alphabetical index) {November, 2014}
• Basel University Library (557 maps of Switzerland and elsewhere, with a choice of resolutions - Wikimedia Commons) {October, 2015}
• Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid. 'Biblioteca Digital Hispánica' (you can search, e.g. for 'Mapas de América' (876 maps) or browse, for example, Material cartográfico manuscrito (464 maps) or, in general, Material cartográfico (2,393 maps) - all at very high res.) {September, 2011}

• Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze. 'Carte geografiche' (enlargeable to high res.: 829 maps, mostly printed, from the Fondo Palatino and 250, mostly manuscript, from the Giachi collection) {October, 2011}
• BIBLIOTHÈQUE NATIONALE DE FRANCE
  A vast and complex site, but difficult to navigate around in the absence of site maps. There would appear to be several thousand very high res. images - accessible either via the BnF catalogue; via 'Gallica', the Bibliothèque Numérique (digitised library); via a series of online exhibitions; via Dossiers Pedagogiques or via the new (February 2007) ’Histoire de la cartographie' gateway. There is no obvious way to access directly the maps other than those in the catalogue. [ If you can improve on the description below, please contact the Editor (address above) - there are almost certainly other treasures besides those noted below]. The main elements with cartographic relevance seem to be as follows {NB. Many links were not operating in July 2002 - perhaps this was a temporary problem. Update: April 2010. Given that material is regularly moved around without a forwarding address, or is deleted altogether, many of the links listed below will not work. Attempts to clarify the situation with the BnF have not been successful}:
  The BnF catalogue (searching as follows produced 2,393 hits, mostly of maps of France and its regions - click, successively, on Bibliothèque numérique and Recherche; then empty all the boxes except Lots d'images and write carte* in Recherche libre; it is theoretically possible to combine carte with a geographical name, linked by ET (i.e. 'and') [the English version of the site does not offer the equivalent search]). For one major collection, gathered in the 18th century, see 'Collection d'Anville' (577 maps; click 'Display' for the zoom option). For help with access to the imagebase of 571 portolan charts and atlases, see here.
  Gallica ('Une bibliothèque patrimoniale et encyclopédique', to comprise 70,000 'noteworthy' digitised texts and over 80,000 images; you can search for known items or browse by using the 'Recherche' option and 'Sujet' to search for 'atlas', 'cartes, 'cartes nautiques' or 'cartographie' [or 'cart*' to combine the last three], or enter into 'mots du titre' variants of 'carte/cartographie' ['cart*' produces 1025 hits] - the black and white images are taken from microfilm of variable quality but they can be considerably enlarged; choose TIFF or PDF format via 'Téléchargement de l'ouvrage' - Bibliothèque nationale de France)
  Bibliothèque nationale de France - see also under Themes (Catalan Atlas; Celestial [various]; Globes; Islamic; Medieval; Portolan charts), Africa (Discovery) and US General (De Bry). Alternatively, go to the Homepage of this site and enter into FreeFind "bibliothèque nationale de france" The entire entry above - for which I acknowledge the work of Jack Kessler and his 'FYI France' e-journal, and Tommy Tyrberg - was added {July, 2002}
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• Birmingham Library Map Collection (986 scans, 16th century onwards, and with general coverage, enlargeable to high res. with CONTENTdm; the list can be sorted by the column heads; most (?) of the maps from the Rucker Agee collection - Birmingham (Alabama) Public Library) {February, 2007; amended December 2009}
• Bodleian Library, Oxford, 'Digital Bodleian' (select 'Filter Collections' for 'Bringing Laxton to life', 'The Gough Map: Gateway to Medieval Britain', and 'Maps in script and print'; a general search for 'map' produced around 500 hits). See also Bodleian's entire maps and music collection now searchable online (27 October 2015) {August, 2015}
• Boston. The Norman B. Leventhal Map Center, Boston Public Library (see 'View Collection' for over 8,000 maps [December 2015] of Boston and various other parts of the world, enlargeable, via Zoomify, to very high res. ); this includes a growing collection of Revolutionary War material (1,500 maps by the end of 2014), some from several other institutions) {February & September 2015}
• British Library 'Online Gallery' (containing up to 5,000 images of cartographic relevance, out of an estimated final total of 100,000 - but see the Contents page for regional map samples and related subjects, such as topographical views; a search [October 2014] for 'map' produced 1,990 hits); see also Maps: Scanned collections online:
  Caribbean Views
  Crace Collection of London plans (1,200 images)
  Deptford Plans and Drawings (127 images)
  Goad fire insurance plans of the British Isles
  Kensington Turnpike Trust drawings (30 images)
  King George III Topographical Collection (about 3,000 images)
  Ordnance Surveyors' Drawings (1780s-1840s) (351 sheets)
  The Unveiling of Britain, 800-1600 (815 maps and views)
  The ongoing Georeferencer project invites participants to identify locations on hundreds of selected early maps, covering all parts of the globe; these can be accessed by regional lists, an interactive map or the abbreviated title of over 2,700 maps currently available for location fixing (November 2013), covering Goad fire insurance plans of British and Irish towns, maps of the American Civil War, and military maps of World War I.

  See also the following:
        Flickr. 'The British Library's Photostream' (421 maps, 'found by the community from the Mechanical Curator Collection ... taken from the pages of 17th, 18th and 19th century books from the Library’s collections, digitised by Microsoft', with the catalogue description alongside; to see a list of image sizes (up to fairly high res.) scroll down the page and then click on the row of three dots at the extreme right) {January, 2014}
        'Found: more maps than we’d reckoned' (about the 50,000 maps identified from among the 1 million plus images in the public domain - Kimberly Kowal on the British Library, Maps and views blog, 17 February 2015) {April, 2015}

• 'Broer Map Library: Historic Maps & Tools Online' (almost 6,000 scans of 19th and 20th century maps covering various parts of the world, and including '1,300 historic USGS topographical maps from 45 states', enlargeable via Zoomify to high res.; there is an historic map index of over 100 historic map collections with over 60,000 links and 190,000 keywords, and a New England Historic and Placename Directory containing over 100,000 names - Dave Broer, Ellington, Connecticut) {updated February 2013}

• Cartographic Images [Jim Siebold's site, originally hosted by Henry Davis Consulting. See the May 2015 update note on the ISHMap-List for background. This includes around 1,400 low res. images (both whole maps and details) for a wide range of historically important maps (i.e. they tend to be institutional 'treasures', often in manuscript), divided into historical periods (Ancient, Early and Late Medieval, Renaissance [though up to 1880]) each of which has a chronological index. Some images are accompanied by extensive 'monographs' (i.e. descriptions)] . [Also here - however the original Henry Davis site is no longer kept up to date] {updated May 2015}

• CartoMundi – Online Promotion of the Cartographic Heritage. Digital Map Library (70,000 catalogue entries and 6,500 images (enlargeable to high res.) [in October 2017], mostly relating to the Mediterranean and Balkans and from the late 19th or 20th centuries - a collaborative site involving about 20 map libraries - Maison méditerranéenne des sciences de l’homme – Aix-en-Provence). For a full geographical list (October 2017) see Here. {July, 2014; updated October, 2017}
• Charles University, Prague. 'Mapová sbírka Prírodovedecké fakulty UK' (10,226 maps, enlargeable to high res. [out of, it seems, an eventual total of 18,700], the earlier material apparently having a global coverage - Charles University, Prague [Univerzita Karlova v Praze]) {April, 2013}
• 'Chart Room. Wildernis Kaartenkamer' (a large collection [3,702?] of maps (many as selections from early atlases), covering various parts of Europe, to illustrate a site about modern 'wilderness'; it seems to be in an early stage of development, with a choice between medium res. images or high res. versions that may take 30 minutes to load; there is little internal navigation and apparently no indexing, statement of responsibility or date) {November, 2010}
• ’Cornell: Images from the Cornell University Library Map Collection’ (select that precise title from the ‘All Collections’ prompt for 1,366 images, enlargeable to very high res.; these can be searched for but ‘filtering not available’; while there seems to be no geographical index, it is possible to arrange the images in date order [‘Display options – Sort displayed images by – Date’) {March, 2017}
• David Rumsey collection (at March 2017, over 75,000 high res., zoomable, 'maps and related images' - many 19th century America but with an increasing number of general atlases (on which see the separate listing of Atlases, searchable by: Country, State, Publication Author, Keywords, Data field [including Date or date range]). He is distributing, without charge, an advanced Java client software ('Insight'), to help deliver better images and high quality print-outs from them. You will, though, need to set aside 20-30 minutes to download the software (assuming you have a standard 56K modem), if you choose that route rather than simply using your browser. In December 2001, a new GIS Browser was added, allowing 'integration and interaction of historical maps with current geospatial data and other historical maps' [this will be available for various US cities and specified themes, see the Two dimensional GIS browser]. In November 2006, 16 maps from the Rumsey Collection were added to < http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2006/11/old-world-meets-new-on-google-earth.html > Google Earth . Note from Philip Hoehn: 'To view the maps, download the latest version of Google Earth (PC and Mac versions), then go to Layers/Featured Content/Rumsey Historical Maps. To enable transparency of the historic map layers, click on the Rumsey Historical Maps folder when viewing a map and a slider bar will appear that will adjust transparency for comparison of old and new maps images. Additional maps will be added in the coming months'. In February 2008,120 maps were placed on the social site Second Life, see here for links to articles on this. The Google Maps Rumsey Historical Maps site contains 'over 120 historical maps', accessible via an interactive index. On these see also the explanatory note.

  In March 2017 a new version of Georeferencer v4 was launched.

  The website was entirely redesigned and updated in November 2009, as described on the new Rumsey Blog.

  There is an online database catalogue of "for all the atlases, series of maps, individual maps, globes, and other items in the collection, essentially the containers of the many maps in the collection", as well as a separate listing of the online maps, and a third pdf combining the two. For links to those and sample sheets see Rumsey Map Catalogs.

  In February 2009, it was announced that the entire collection of original maps and atlases would be donated, gradually, to Stanford University. This will include the digital copies of an eventual target of 50,000 images. The University's Image Gallery already offers online access to 5,894 images from that collection. They can be enlarged to high res. and then panned.

  From May 2007 it is possible 'to browse the entire collection by what, where, who, and when. All terms used in the catalog descriptions are now hot links to results sets. This provides an effective alternative or companion to searching the collection.' You can also use the Directory to browse by subject, area, author and date [click on the link for an individual list, at the top, to alphabetise it]. For another route in see here.

  For further information, see Recent additions; his explanatory pages: 'About the technology' and 'Printing from the collection'; 'This is a Real Quest for Maps' by Kendra Mayfield (Wired News, 7 March 2002); or, if you want more depth, his March 2001 paper, 'Historical Map Collection Web Site', at the 'Museums and the Web' conference; 'Historical Maps in GIS' (an 18-page pdf chapter by David Rumsey and Meredith Williams, from Anne Kelly Knowles (ed.) Past Time, Past Place: GIS for History (ESRI, 2002); 'Tales from the vault: historical maps online' (Common-Place, vol. 3, no. 4, July 2003); Historical Maps Online (Coordinates, January 2005), with another version, dated 06/02/05, on the O'Reilly Network; From Lewis and Clark to Landsat: Digital maps marry past and present by Wade Roush for Technology Review, July 2005; and the 2004 book by David Rumsey and Edith M. Punt, Cartographica Extraordinaire: The Historical Map Transformed. See, a brief review by Joseph S. Wood for History Matters and another, by Pat Toscano, for The American Surveyor. Machine Readable Cataloging (MARC) records are available - contact: Phil Hoehn, Librarian, David Rumsey Collection. Email: philhoehn(at) juno.com [NB replace (at) with @].

  The Rumsey collection can also be accessed as part of the multi-collection Visual Collections site - select ‘Cartography’, and, from May 2013, via the Digital Public Library of America.

  In March 2002, David Rumsey (Cartography Associates) signed an agreement with the Art Museum Image Consortium (AMICO) to provide cartographic images for educational use from Fall 2002. In 2002, The David Rumsey Historical Map Collection won the prestigious Webby Award for the best 'technical achievement' Web site.

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• Denmark: Royal Library and Copenhagen University Library. 'Kort & Atlas' (3,408 images from the Map & Atlas collection, enlargeable to high res., covering all parts of the world with a strong focus on northern Europe). See also MS maps of foreign countries (1,159 maps) and 'Ingeniørkorpsets samling' (1,519 MS map from the Corps of Army Engineers) {January, 2016; updated December 2018}
• Digital Public Library of America (a search for 'map' produced over 150,000 entries but most are modern and almost all the older material comes from the David Rumsey Collection - see above) {July, 2014}
• Europe. Europeana a search for 'maps', etc found half a million medium res. images (at September 2017) from a range of institutions) {January, 2009; revised September 2017}
• Florida Center for Instructional Technology. 'Historic maps for students & teachers' ('thousands of historic maps from all parts of the world', both original and reconstruction, both full and details; see also specifically 'Exploring Florida Maps' - Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida) {March, 2010}
• Full Table: ’The Visual Telling of Stories. Map Menu’ (a large, very miscellaneous selection from Chris Mullen’s site; you need to scroll down the list) {March, 2018}
• 'GEOWEB' - Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Venice (the 'On line catalogue' leads to a collection of over 29,000 cartographic and graphic images (perhaps 80% of them cartographic), with brief bibliographical details, (available either in low res. or high res. with a digital watermark)
• Harvard Map Collection. Use this general link for information about the Digital Maps collection, the Harvard Geospatial Library, retrieving maps from the online HOLLIS Catalog, and a full list of the past online exhibitions.
  In addition, see also:
        ‘Manuscript Maps. Hand-drawn treasures from the Harvard Map Collection’ (an impressive array of 48 disparate maps (which cannot be enlarged) and accompanying text) {August, 2017}
        Sea Atlases. 'A selection of atlases from the Harvard Map Collection' (eight atlases from 1590-1745, by Waghenaer, Blaeu, Colom, Dudley, De Wit, Goos, Keulen & Renard; a modern outline map allows you to select the relevant original chart covering the British Isles and the opposing continental coast; alternatively follow an individual atlas's link to the Hollis catalogue to retrieve all the sheets, enlargeable to high res.) {September, 2015}
        'Expeditions & Discoveries. Sponsored exploration and scientific discovery in the modern age' (185 historic maps, dating from 1626 to the 20th century, hundreds of maps illustrating texts, and twenty atlases (numbering 1,547 pages) including the 1708 Cellarius and other star atlases, the 1792 Brion de la Tour world atlas, and the 1892 Berghaus Physikalischer Atlas, enlargeable to very high res. - Harvard University Library Open Collections Program) {June, 2009}
• 'Historic Map Works' (a site for genealogists, with over 1,662,956 individual images [March 2016] of (mostly) address-searchable maps of 19th and early 20th century America and 1000 directories of different parts of the USA, enlargeable to high res.. In addition, they offer access to the Osher Map Library collection ('3,941 antiquarian international maps in 1,421 atlases'). See, for future enlargement, the Statistics page. (Also on Ancestry.com as 'Historic Land Ownership and Reference Atlases, 1507-2000'.) [Updated September 2008; March 2016].

• Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya, Barcelona: 'Cartoteca Digital' (over 10,000 maps and views, enlargeable to high res., of various parts of the world, including the whole collection of the Revista Catalana de Geografia (1978-96); besides material relating to Catalonia, it includes (at December 2012), 17 atlases from 1590, Spain (1624 'documents'), Europe (1825), Africa (246), America (448), Asia & Pacific (305); and over 6,000 air photos). [Also here]

• John Carter Brown Library. 'JCB Map Collection' (an important collection of 1,362 maps, enlargeable to high res., in a chronological browsing list, focusing on the world and the Americas) {November, 2011}

• John R. Borchert Map Library, University of Minnesota (with material on Minnesota, the USA and the rest of the world) {October, 2017}
• John Rylands Library, University of Manchester. ‘Maps Collection’ (selecting ‘Browse All’ retrieves 694 items, enlargeable to high res., the great majority post-1900) {May, 2016}

• Landkartenarchiv (a collection of over 10,150 maps, 1860-1999, the great majority relating to Germany, including many road maps and town plans, and Stieler's 40-sheet Schul-Atlas (1860), as well as a large collection of Soviet-era maps, enlargeable to high res. - Michael Ritz) {December, 2014}

• Leiden University Library (after the re-organisation of the Royal Netherlands Institute for Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV) their library and its collection of c. 16,000 map sheets was transferred to Leiden. With the addition of the heritage collection of the royal Tropical Institute in 2014, Leiden University Libraries now holds one of the largest collections relating to the former Dutch colonies. For their collection in general see Here) {February, 2015; amended March 2016}
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• LIBRARY OF CONGRESS: 'MAP COLLECTIONS: 1500-[current year]'

  [A note on the updating of altered and deleted links. The map content of the Library of Congress's website is wide-ranging and of great value. Unfortunately, it is hard to keep track of the frequent and widespread changes to the map pages, particularly as the old URL is not automatically pointed to the new one. During 2017, there has been a concerted effort to deal with dead and peripatetic links across the whole 'Map History' site. Inevitably, with only partial success. LC has, however, provided a useful LIST of pages that have been 'migrated to new presentations', and this includes a number relating to maps. So, if you hit a dead end, try that index.]

  The LC 'American Memory' project - a collection of 12,000 high res. zoomable MrSID images [as at December 2007, but other pages (listed below) are apparently not included in that total and at December 2013 a total of 42,336 maps had been added - however, in July 2015 the Results page cited 14,495 items only]. In late 2016, the figure of scanned maps from the 'Division’s Rare Vault Scanning Project of United States Maps Published Prior to 1923' totalled 57,674 maps. It is not clear how that relates to the earlier totals, and whether all are available online. "The focus of Map Collections is Americana and Cartographic Treasures of the Library of Congress. These images were created from maps and atlases and, in general, are restricted to items that are not covered by copyright protection". To restrict an American Memory search to maps, use this LINK.

  You can also search specifically for Manuscript Maps (descriptions and images of 904 items){June, 2017}

  The main and subsidiary subject sections are listed below, and repeated (in more detail) on the appropriate page in the Web Images section. 'Special Presentations and other map-related pages' (listed further below) includes some groupings that are not formally part of 'American Memory' (on which see Searching "Map Collections"). For other potentially relevant parts of the LC site, see Global Gateway: World Culture & Resources (for links to Collaborative (and Individual) Digital Libraries, Featured Presentations and International Exhibitions), and Portals to the World: Links to Electronic Resources from Around the World (accessible via country name). All images carry at least a brief description, and most are accompanied by historial and explanatory texts.

  See the introductory texts: 'Zoom into Maps' ('Maps help us make sense of our world'; 'Analyzing a Map'; 'What can be learned from historic maps?') accompanying the Library of Congress's 'American Memory' site, illustrated with high res. MrSID images. In July 2009, LC released its new Teacher Resources module for the American Memory Project. This provides lesson plans and guidance on interpreting original sources. See also ’Teacher’s Guide: Analyzing Maps’ (seen June 2017).

  LC is adding material all the time, on various of its sites. To keep track of recent additions you can consult the alphabetical list of New Maps This Month. Otherwise, consult the Guides to the Collections: Cartobibliographies and Finding Aids; the full Exhibits listing; and The Learning Page: Exploration and Explorers. Be aware that some pages exist at more than one URL, and that URLs regularly change.

  The LC Photoduplication service provides printed copies and TIFF files of the images, see: How to Order Reproductions.

  "Collection Connections". Several of the entries immediately following have a link to a specially devised group of Collection Connections pages, arranged under the headings: U.S. History, Critical Thinking, and Arts & Humanities. These "provide activity ideas for using the online collections to develop critical thinking skills. Part of The Learning Page, Collection Connections feature teacher created lesson plans based on online primary resources at the Library of Congress". See the general 'Map Collections of the Library of Congress' Collection Connections]

  "The Digital Reference Team (DRT) conducts a free, one-hour orientation monthly, on the second Wednesday at 11 a.m.-noon, Eastern time, via Web conference. Throughout the program, DRT staff provide opportunities to ask questions, learn strategies for online access of the materials, and sample the collections and resources provided to facilitate your research. To learn more and register for the Orientation, click here. Confirmation will be sent via email. Each session is limited to fifteen people, on a first-come, first-served basis" [January 2008].

  'Collections with Maps'. First noticed in November 2015, this provides access to 17 different thematic categories, covering 15,000 maps. There is considerable overlap with the entries in the lists that follow.

  Map Collections 1500-[present]

  Cities and towns (2,962 items) - includes:
  Panoramic Maps 1847-1929 (1,492 items; see also a brief review by Paula Petrik for History Matters) [see Collection Connections]
  Additional Cities and Towns Cartographic Items
  Conservation and environment - includes: Mapping the National Parks Collection (173 items) [see Collection Connections; and also Exploring the National Parks in the Geography and Map Division - Tim St. Onge, for the Library of Congress maps blog, 10 August 2016]
  Additional Conservation and Environment Cartographic Items
  Cultural Landscapes - includes:
  Liberia. American Colonization Society Collection. Maps of Liberia 1830-1870 (29 items) [see also History of Liberia: A Time Line and Collection Connections]
  Additional Cultural Landscapes Cartographic Items
  Discovery and Exploration (169 items) - includes: Discovery and Exploration Cartographic Items [see The Learning Page, and Zoom into Maps: Exploration and Discovery (with nine MrSID maps)]
  General Maps (3,113 items) - includes: Places in the News
  Additional General Cartographic Items
  Military Battles and Campaigns (4,182 items)- includes: The American Revolution and Its Era: Maps and Charts of North America and the West Indies, 1750-1789 (maps to be added monthly) [see Collection Connections]
  Civil War Maps (2,304 maps and 76 atlases and sketchbooks - including those from the Virginia Historical Society and the Library of Virginia) [see Collection Connections]
  Rochambeau Collection (high res. images of 66 MS and printed maps, and a MS atlas)
  Additional Military Battles and Campaigns Cartographic Items
  see also The Hotchkiss Map Collection: Confederate Army Maps (348 items)
  Transportation and Communication - (865 items) includes: Railroad Maps 1828-1900 [635 items; see also Collection Connections]
  Additional Transportation and Communication Cartographic Items

  'General index (by both subject and first word of title) including Special Presentations' and other map-related pages

  [Some of these elements do not form part of 'American Memory, and are apparently not included in the general searches listed at the head of this LC entry]:

  '1492: An Ongoing Voyage' (online exhibition)
  
  Afghanistan. 'A Selection of Historical Maps of Afghanistan' (six MrSID images - Cynthia Cook, 2004)
  
  'The African-American Mosaic: African- American Culture and History' (online exhibition)
  
  'African American Odyssey' (about 10 maps relating to West Africa and the US - select 'Object List', then search [ctrl+F] for: map)
  
  Agnese (MrSID images of the portolan atlas of nine charts and a world map by Battista Agnese, 1544)
  
  Alaska. 'Meeting of Frontiers: Digital Collections' (select from the various links under 'Maps' for scans from US and Russian collections, dealing with Alaska and Siberia respectively; in English and Russian)
  
  America. 'The 1562 Map of America by Diego Gutiérrez'
  
  America. 'The Culture and History of the Americas: The Jay Kislak Collection at the Library of Congress' (leading to the exhibits page, with nine medium res. maps [May 2005])
  
  America. 'Exploring the Early Americas' (illustrated with a few maps - Jay I. Kislak Collection, Library of Congress exhibition, 2007-ongoing)
  
  The American Revolution and Its Era: Maps and Charts of North America and the West Indies, 1750-1789 (1,261 items)
  
  'American Treasures' (an indefinite, but changing, selection of enlargeable high res. images, including some maps; see also here)
  
  'American Women: A Gateway to Library of Congress Resources for the Study of Women’s History and Culture in the United States' leading to a note on the Geography and Map Division
  
  'The Atlantic World: America and the Netherlands/De Atlantische Wereld: Amerika en Nederland' (a search on 'map' produced descriptions (in English or Dutch) of 19 maps, accompanied by high res. MrSID images - the Library of Congress and the National Library of the Netherlands)
  
  Brazil/America. 'United States and Brazil: Expanding Frontiers, Comparing Cultures' (in English and Portuguese, with 59 high res. MrSID maps)
  
  Britain/America. 'John Bull and Uncle Sam: Four Centuries of British-American Relations' (for selected maps, in medium res., see the Object Checklist, e.g. under 'Exploration and Settlement' - Library of Congress and British Library)
  
  Cassini. 'Carte de France / levée par ordre du roy' (all 182 sheets, enlargeable to high res.)
  
  'Celebrating the Portuguese Communities in America: a Cartographic Perspective'
  
  Celestial. 'Explaining and Ordering. The Heavens. Views of the Universe' (online exhibition)
  
  Census. 'National Atlases: Presenting the Nation's Cultural Geography (1870, 1880, 1890, 1970)'
  
  China. 'Herold J. Wiens Collection' (264 items, some cartographic, showing all or part of China during the period of World War II; see also finding aid)
  
  Civil War Maps (and see above under 'Military and Campaigns')
  
  'Civil War Treasures from the New-York Historical Society' (searching by keyword and entering 'map' leads to 10 enlargeable, high res. images)
  
  Collaborative Digital Libraries ("bilingual, multimedia digital libraries, built with partners round the world", part of the LC's 'Global Gateway' - the individual elements are included separately in this list)
  
  'Color image map : [ports of entry, United States-Mexican border] / produced by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Department of the Treasury, U.S. Customs Service' (high res. images of 6 sheets of the 300+ series, 1979-, with the remainder to follow)
  
  'The Culture and History of the Americas: The Jay Kislak Collection at the Library of Congress' (leading to the exhibits page, with nine medium res. maps [May 2005])
  
  Discovery and exploration - see above under that heading
  
  Drake. ‘The Kraus Collection of Sir Francis Drake’ (including some maps and views, and linked to Sir Francis Drake: A Pictorial Biography by Hans P. Kraus, in turn linking to the Catalogue of the Kraus Collection (with a section ‘Maps and Views’). See also Drake's West Indian Voyage 1588-1589 'Collection Connection'
  
  Exhibitions. See the full listing of online exhibits, and also Guides to the Collections: Cartobibliographies and Finding Aids for details of others, which include a few maps, not listed here
  
  'Exploring the Early Americas' (illustrated with a few maps - Jay I. Kislak Collection, Library of Congress exhibition, 2007-ongoing)
  
  'Fire Insurance Maps' (an online checklist of over 25,000 map sheets [as at May 2017] produced by the Sanborn Map Company). See also 'Learning Beyond the Original Purpose with Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps' (by Cheryl Lederle, 28 November 2017)
  
  'The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820' (18 maps, mostly of Kentucky)
  
  Florida. 'Reclaiming the Everglades: South Florida's Natural History, 1884-1934' (search maps for 47 maps and related documents)
  
  France/America. 'France in America' (in English and French, with 155 high res. images, including those from the Revolutionary War Rochambeau Map Collection). [71 items; see also a version in French here]
  
  France. Cassini. 'Carte de France / levée par ordre du roy' (all 182 sheets, enlargeable to high res.)
  
  ‘From the Home Front and the Front Lines’ (a small selection of WWII military and aviation maps, including one from Vietnam)
  
  'General Atlases' [Abraham Ortelius Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, Battista Agnese (1544), Geographical Fun]
  
  'Geographical Fun Atlas (1868)' (by 'Aleph')
  
  'Geography and Maps: an Illustrated Guide' (or go straight to the Concordance of Images)
  
  'George Washington: Surveyor and Mapmaker'
  
  Gutiérrez. 'The 1562 Map of America by Diego Gutiérrez'
  
  'Herold J. Wiens Collection' (264 items, some cartographic, showing all or part of China during the period of World War II; see also finding aid)
  
  'The Hispanic and Portuguese World. Encounters in America' (seven low res. maps in this 'illustrated guide')
  
  The Hotchkiss Map Collection: Confederate Army Maps (high res. images of the 341 sketchbooks, manuscripts, and annotated printed maps) [see Collection Connections]
  
  'Indian Land Cessions in the U.S. (1784-1894)' (67 MrSID state maps, 1897)
  
  'In the Beginning Was the Word: The Russian Church and Native Alaskan Cultures' (online exhibition)
  
  'Islamic Manuscripts from Mali: Timbuktu in Space and Time - Maps' (11 maps, enlargeable to high res. via JPEG2000, 1590-1970)
  
  Jefferson. 'Thomas Jefferson' (see the Object list for seven low res. maps, 2000)
  
  'John Bull & Uncle Sam: Four Centuries of British-American Relations' (online exhibition)
  
  Kentucky. 'The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820' (18 maps, mostly of Kentucky)
  
  ‘The Kraus Collection of Sir Francis Drake’ (including some maps and views, and linked to Sir Francis Drake: A Pictorial Biography by Hans P. Kraus, in turn linking to the Catalogue of the Kraus Collection (with a section ‘Maps and Views’)
  
  'Language of the Land: Journeys into Literary America' (LC exhibition, 2000, by Martha Hopkins and Michael Buscher)
  
  Lewis & Clark. 'Rivers, Edens, Empires: Lewis & Clark and the Revealing of America' (several illustrated texts and an Object Checklist, with links to medium res. images of the items; see also 'Teachers. The Lewis and Clark Expedition' (a Learning Page Activity, and the press release - Library of Congress exhibition, 2003)
  
  Liberia - see above under 'Cultural Landscapes'
  
  Literary Maps. 'Language of the Land: Journeys into Literary America' (LC exhibition, 2000, by Martha Hopkins and Michael Buscher)
  
  'Los Angeles Mapped' (23 maps, enlargeable to high res. via JPEG2000, with commentary - LC exhibit at the Ira Gershwin Gallery, Los Angeles, 2006-07)
  
  'Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase' (70 maps enlargeable to high res., with an accompanying 118-page PDF essay by Michael Klein)
  
  'The Luso-Hispanic World in Maps: A Selective Guide to Manuscript Maps to 1900 in the Collections of the Library of Congress' by John R. Hébert and Anthony P. Mullan (descriptions of 1,011 maps, selectively illustrated with high res. MrSID images)
  
  'Macau: a Selection of Cartographic Images' (16 enlargeable high res. images, 1655-1991)
  
  Mali. 'Islamic Manuscripts from Mali: Timbuktu in Space and Time - Maps' (11 maps, enlargeable to high res. via JPEG2000, 1590-1970)
  
  'Maps in our lives' (mostly modern material but including surveys of George Washington's farm through time, 2006)
  
  'Meeting of Frontiers (Russia and the United States) (Global Gateway)'
  
  Morse. 'Samuel F. B. Morse Papers at the Library of Congress, 1793-1919'
  
  'National Atlases: Presenting the Nation's Cultural Geography (1870, 1880, 1890, 1970)'
  
  National Parks. Mapping the National Parks Collection (and see above under 'Conservation and Environment')
  
  Netherlands/America.'The Atlantic World: America and the Netherlands/De Atlantische Wereld: Amerika en Nederland' (a search on 'map' produced descriptions (in English or Dutch) of 19 maps, accompanied by high res. MrSID images - the Library of Congress and the National Library of the Netherlands)
  
  'Oregon Department of Transportation City Maps' (finding aid)
  
  Ortelius: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (53 maps, 1570) (MrSID images)
  
  'Panoramic Maps 1847-1929' (and see above under 'Cities and Towns')
  
  Portugal. 'Celebrating the Portuguese Communities in America: a Cartographic Perspective'
  
  Portugal. 'The Portuguese in the United States' (consult the Subject Index for 19 low res. maps)
  
  Portugal. 'The Portuguese Role in Exploring and Mapping the New World' (consult the Subject Index for 19 low res. maps)
  
  Railroad Maps 1828-1900 (and see above under 'Transportation and Communication')
  
  'Reclaiming the Everglades: South Florida's Natural History, 1884-1934' (search maps for 47 maps and related documents)
  
  'Religion and the Founding of the American Republic' (online exhibition)
  
  'Rivers, Edens, Empires: Lewis & Clark and the Revealing of America' (several illustrated texts and an Object Checklist, with links to medium res. images of the items; see also 'Fill Up the Canvas...Rivers of Words: Exploring with Lewis and Clark' (a Learning Page Activity); Community Center; and the press release - Library of Congress exhibition, 2003)
  
  Rochambeau Collection (high res. images of 66 MS and printed maps, and a MS atlas) [see Collection Connections]
  
  'Samuel F. B. Morse Papers at the Library of Congress, 1793-1919' (including four MrSID maps)
  
  Selections from the Geography and Map Division (118 MrSID images)
  
  'Selections from the LC Luso-Hispanic Map collection. Selecciones Luso-Hispánicas de la Colección de Mapas' (MrSID images)
  
  Siberia. 'Meeting of Frontiers: Digital Collections' (select from the various links under 'Maps' for scans from US and Russian collections, dealing with Alaska and Siberia respectively; in English and Russian)
  
  'Spain, the United States & the American Frontier - Historias Paralelas' (in English and Spanish), see also the Sitemap / Mapa del Sitio [a collaboration between LC and collections in Spain - not formally part of the 'American Memory' project but overlapping with it]
  
  Spanish-American War. 'The World of 1898: the Spanish-American War' (clicking on 'Maps' leads to selections for Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico, which in turn lead to map descriptions and images from the Library of Congress 'American Memory Collection')
  
  Statistical. 'National Atlases: Presenting the Nation's Cultural Geography (1870, 1880, 1890, 1970)' - see also Statistical Atlases
  
  'Temple of Liberty: Building the Capitol for a New Nation' (online exhibition)
  
  'Tending the Commons: Folklife and Landscape in Southern West Virginia' (see 'Historical Maps of the Study Area' for images of five MrSID maps, 1774-1913)
  
  'Thomas Jefferson' (see the Object list for seven low res. maps, 2000)
  
  Treasures. 'American Treasures of the Library of Congress. Reason Gallery B: Mapping & Recording' (includes 13 medium res. maps)
  
  Treasures. 'World Treasures of the Library of Congress' (about 24 medium res. images of cartographic items)
  
  U.S.-Mexican border. 'Color image map : [ports of entry, United States-Mexican border] / produced by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Department of the Treasury, U.S. Customs Service' (high res. images of 6 sheets of the 300+ series, 1979-, with the remainder to follow)
  
  Virginia. 'Early Virginia Maps' (four high res. MrSID maps, illustrating Early Virginia Religious Petitions)
  
  Waldseemüller: Map of the World (1507) [see Collection Connections]
  
  Washington, D.C. (high res. JPEG2000 scans of real estate plans, 1903-21)
  
  Washington. 'George Washington: Surveyor and Mapmaker'
  
  'The World of 1898: the Spanish-American War' (clicking on 'Maps' leads to selections for Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico, which in turn lead to map descriptions and images from the Library of Congress 'American Memory Collection')
  
  'The World Treasures of the Library of Congress: Beginnings'
  
  WWII. ‘From the Home Front and the Front Lines’ (a small selection of WWII military and aviation maps, including one from Vietnam)
  
  'World War II Military Situation Maps 1944-1945' (423 high res. MrSID maps, and 115 reports, giving daily details on the military campaigns in Western Europe from D-Day to July 1945) [see Collection Connections]
  

• Library of Congress - see also under Medium and small general sites. {January 2002 - this entire section revised, with several additions; May 2005 - further major additions}
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• Lunar Commons. 'Atlas map' (13,878 high res. images, organised by category, area, author and date - from the David Rumsey and other collections - LunaCommons.org) {August, 2009}

• 'Map Library of Catalonia: Cartoteca Digital' (a growing collection of over 8,500 maps, enlargeable to high res., of various parts of the world, including the whole collection of the Revista Catalana de Geografia (1978-96); besides material relating to Catalonia, it includes, e.g., Spain (16035), Africa (233), America (330), Asia & Pacific (283); as well as over 1,000 views and over 6,000 air photos - Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya). [Also here] {October, 2007; amended October 2010}

• 'Maps & Images' (a growing collection [613 images in September 2009] of maps, produced in Italy but covering the world, enlargeable to very high res.. It includes the first Italian regional atlas (a MS by Nicola Antonio Stigliola (c.1595), the complete output of Benedetto Marzolla, and North America charts published by the Direccion de Hidrografia in Madrid. Select 'key sheets' for map series. For a fuller description see Vladimiro Valerio's announcement to MapHist on 7 September 2009. {September, 2009}

• Memory of the Netherlands Project (‘Het Geheugen van Nederland’) (use the Advanced Search to select simultaneously [using geographical terms in Dutch] from the Atlas Van Loon, the expanded van Keulen Nieuwe Lichtende Zee-Fakkel, as well as the Atlas Van der Hagen and [partial] Atlas Beudeker, sections on Surinam, the Atlantic World, and Zuiderzee, or browse the Collections page - retrieving images, enlargeable to high res.; there is no general contents list but you can select ‘Browse’ for alphabetical lists of makers (‘name’) and area covered (’location’) - Koninklijke Bibliotheek) {December, 2004; reviewed February 2008 but too complicated, confusing and constantly changing to make it worthwhile checking and amending the description above}

• National Library of Finland. 'Kartat / Maps' (nearly 1,400 digitised maps, about half from the A.E. Nordenskiöld collection with global coverage, 16th-20th century) {February, 2016}
• National Library of Scotland (high-resolution zoomable images of over 194,000 maps of Scotland, England, Wales and beyond) {July 2017}
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• Netherlands, National Archives. 'Kaartencollectie' (5,895 scanned maps in very high res. ; alternatively, select a particular collection from the list of Themes [e.g. Kaarten van de VOC; Perkamenten kaarten van de VOC; Kaarten Johannes Vingboons, ca.1665; Kaarten van Zuid-Holland; Topografische kaarten (4.TOPO); Hollandse Waterlinie; Kaarten van de Atlantic World]) {August, 2009; amended December 2012}

• Newberry Library Cartographic Catalog : map catalog and bibliography of the history of cartography (729 map descriptions linked to digital images, in various resolutions, mostly of similar items in other collections, included are images of the 'entire Cartes Marines Manuscript Map Collection, detailing French colonial interests worldwide on about 120 maps dated ca. 1640-ca. 1726') {July, 2010}
• New York Public Library. 'NYPL Digital Gallery' ('Atlases, gazetteers, guidebooks and other books'; this leads to map images (enlargeable to medium res.), mostly from the Lawrence H. Slaughter and John H. Levine collections, with an emphasis on New York and North America but with wide coverage - 'search all items' produced 2,380 hits relating to 'Charting America'; alternatively, searching generally for 'map' found a worldwide coverage of 9,744 items. Update, August 2012: 15,214 'digital items'). In addition, see 'Charting the Future I' (November 2009); and 'NYPL Map Rectifier' ('a tool for digitally aligning ("rectifying") historical maps from the NYPL's collections to match today's precise maps' - there is doubtless more elsewhere on the NYPL site) {December 2006; amended September 2009 & June 2010}
        Open Access Maps at NYPL ('more than 20,000 cartographic works as high resolution downloads', comprising '1,100 maps of the Mid- Atlantic United States and cities from the 16th to 19th centuries, mostly drawn from the Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection; a detailed collection of more than 700 topographic maps of the Austro- Hungarian empire created between 1877 and 1914; a collection of 2,800 maps from state, county and city atlases (mostly New York and New Jersey); a huge collection of more than 10,300 maps from property, zoning, topographic, but mostly fire insurance atlases of New York City dating from 1852 to 1922; and an incredibly diverse collection of more than 1,000 maps of New York City, its boroughs and neighborhoods, dating from 1660 to 1922'. See also 'Highlights from the 20,000+ maps made freely available online by New York Public Library') - Public Domain Review) {further update March 2014 & March 2016}

• Old Maps Online ( 400,000 maps, via the 'Georeferencer (early beta version): Online Georeferencing Tool For Scanned Maps', enlargeable to high res. ; "the OldMapsOnline Portal is an easy-to-use gateway to historical maps in libraries around the world. It allows the user to search for online digital historical maps across numerous different collections via a geographical search. Search by typing a place-name or by clicking in the map window, and narrow by date. The search results provide a direct link to the map image on the website of the host institution". Initial contributors are: A Vision of Britain through Time, British Library, David Rumsey Collection, Moravian Library, & National Library of Scotland). See the explanatory article by Humphrey Southall & Petr Pridal 'Old Maps Online: Enabling global access to historical mapping', in: e-Perimetron, 7:2 (2012), pp. 73-81). See also information about the new version, launched in July 2015 {February, 2012; amended July 2012 & July 2015}

• Old World Auctions. ‘Archive’ (over 80, 000 images covering items auctioned since 1999; apart from some from the early years all are enlargeable to high res.; for comment see ’OWA Now One of the Largest Repositories of Digital Maps in the World’ by Jon and Eliane Dotson in Old World Auctions September 2018 Newsletter) {October, 2018}
• Oxford Digital Library (select 'Maps on the web' for an alphabetical index to regions; the resulting maps (about 1000, covering all parts of the world, can be enlarged via Zoomify - Bodleian Library) {November, 2013}
• Penn State University (19 albums, containing together over 400 map photos, enlargeable to fairly high res. on a wide range of subjects, including Pennsylvania and Philadelphia - Penn State University, Donald W Hamer Maps Library, on Flickr) {July, 2014}
• Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, the University of Texas at Austin ('Historical Maps' - a large site, arranged by continent, with about 3,500 high res. original maps (pre-1950) as well as historical maps)

• Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam [Het Koninklijk instituut voor de Tropen (KIT)] (11, 500 'Historical Colonial Maps', covering the former Dutch colonies (broadly, the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch Antilles and Surinam), 1850-1950. Now accessible via Leiden University Library {January, 2006; amended March 2007, February 2014 & February 2015}

• 'The Roy V. Boswell Collection for the History of Cartography' (each of apparently 1,500 maps seems to have two or more image alternatives; these allow you to access details enlarged to high res. (though surprisingly there seems to be no way of predicting what you will get); the collection apparently has global coverage though there is no explanation about this (however, 565 were retrieved under 'North America') - Pollak Library, California State University, Fullerton) {February, 2009}

• Ryhiner Collection / Sammlung Ryhiner (16,428 high res. maps of various parts of the world - Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek, Bern - see also under Continental Europe: Switzerland; there is an accompanying 4-volume catalogue, ISBN 3-9521539-0-7) {October, 2003; updated July 2008}
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• 'Stanford University Libraries. Map Guides' (listing the growing collection of early maps, e.g. Glen McLaughlin Map Collection: California as an Island, Barry Lawrence Ruderman Collection, David Rumsey Collection, and Maps of Africa) {April, 2013}
• Stuckenberg Map Collection (over 500 maps of various parts of the world, enlargeable (via CONTENTdm) to very high res., collected by John H. W. Stuckenberg (1835-1903) - Gettysburg College Digital Collections) {August, 2008}
• Universiteitsbibliotheek Groningen, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RUG). 'Repository kaarten Afdeling Bijzondere Collecties' (about 800 separate maps pre-1900, enlargeable to medium res., many from the Mello Backer Collection, mostly of Dutch provinces but also covering the rest of the world - Universiteitsbibliotheek Groningen) {December, 2009}
• University of Alabama. 'Historical Map Archive' (about 40,000 maps from six Alabama institutions, some at least enlargeable to very high res.; concentrating on the USA but with good selections for the rest of the world) {May, 2010}
• University of Manchester Map Collection (492 maps, mostly of Manchester and Great Britain, medium res.) {October, 2015}
• University of Michigan Library. 'Miscellaneous' (selecting 'Browse all images' gets 1,858 hits - very high res. images, viewable in seven sizes (up to 'triple extra large'); captions not always present yet - Digital Library Production Service, Image Services) {July, 2002} {amended January 2003}
• University of Toronto. 'Scanned images of maps in the Map and Data Library' (apparently 456 high res. maps, from various parts of the world, downloadable in various formats - University of Toronto) {December, 2012}
• ’Visual Collections: Images of Art, History and Culture’ (over 15,000 high res., zoomable maps, viewable via the Insight® Browser, are available for cross-collection searching - select ‘Cartography’ for material from the following collections: David Rumsey Historical Map Collection, Charting the Nation (University of Edinburgh), Maps of Africa and the Stanford Geological Survey (Stanford University), Japanese Historical Maps (East Asian Library, University of California, Berkeley), the Florida and Rare map collections from the University of South Florida) and New Jersey Public Maps)
• Wikimedia Commons. Category: Maps (a growing collection, arranged in various ways: 'by century made', by country, cartographer, etc.; some are certainly in high res.; in 2011 over 2000 images were donated by Geographicus Antique Maps to this site) {September, 2010; slightly updated March 2016}
• World Digital Library (searching for 'Atlases, maps, charts & plans' (their official heading) produced 654 hits (although 'Atlases' alone found 664, and selecting 'Explore - Type of item - Maps' retrieved 636), from a range of institutions around the world, viewable as thumbnails with description ('List') or image alone ('Gallery'), evidently enlargeable to high res. although that may depend on the source) {April, 2009; amended February 2015}
• 'World Map Collections' [Florida] (high res. images, arranged by area, mostly of non-current maps, from the University of Florida and other Florida collections; a search for 'map' produced 980 hits) {December, 2009}
• Yale University, Beinecke Digital Library (this will eventually comprise 20,000 maps, enlargeable to high res.; the pre-1900 material was transferred from the Sterling Library to the Beinecke Library during 2016; on that see the announcement); a general search for 'maps' produced 880 references, mostly to collections in 'Manuscripts and Archives' and in the Beinecke Library; searching for 'manuscript maps' produced 280 hits) {March, 2017, amended March 2018}

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      + online exhibitions