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including the transcribed names from the
'Liber de existencia riveriarum' and 'Lo compasso de navegare' as well as the Carte Pisane and Cortona chart"
Besides the minor corrections or additional information that have been silently added from time to time, the main change is in the addition of columns for the Lucca and Riccardiana charts and the Carignano map, as well as references to the general survey by Alberto Capacci (1994) and Anton Gordyeyev's detailed examination of the Black Sea toponymy. These additions relate to the examination of the Carte Pisane and other supposedly pre-1311 charts whose early dating has been challenged [see A detailed reassessment of the Carte Pisane: a late and inferior copy, or the lone survivor from the portolan charts' formative period?]. In connection with that essay 41 analytical columns (numbered and with yellow headings) have been added to the right.
The other main updating followed the examination of a recently rediscovered 1570 Giorgio Sideri (Callapoda) chart in Central St Martins Library, London. This is later than any other known Sideri chart and has moved on by five years the final sighting of around 100 names, among them eight written in red. [As a postscript to that, the 2014 Gordyeyev Black Sea listing (which extends to the 18th century) includes some instances later than Sideri. This will presumably apply elsewhere once the later period is examined more closely.]
It is expected that in some cases these changes (which will certainly continue) may affect the various tables and commentaries that were derived from this spreadsheet during 2014. It is not anticipated that it will be feasible to update those pages as well, unless the revisions are sufficiently widespread. However, it is unlikely that any new information would significantly alter those findings.
In case you are not familiar with Excel, the following notes may be helpful.
This is an unusually large, fully sortable database, running vertically to about 3,000 entries and sideways to
65 columns. The columns fall into two sequences. The first group (A-X) is headed in green, the second
sequence (1-41) is headed in yellow. This may look difficult to use but there is no reason why that should be so.
Hiding columns:
It is best to 'hide' before sorting because, when it presents the results, it automatically moves back to Column
A and the yellow columns will not be visible. If you hide sufficient columns you can bring the relevant ones next to one
another. You might, say, leave Columns A-G, & Q-X visible, along with those yellow columns you are using
for sorting.
One of the most useful aspects of Excel is the ability to compress (temporarily) the large sideways extent of the
spreadsheet. Since there are so many columns it is not possible to see them all at the same time, however wide
your screen. When you want to bring together particular columns it is possible to temporarily 'hide' as many as
you want of those in-between. This is easily done and it is recommended that you hide the majority of the columns when sorting. You do
this by clicking on the top line of the first column you want to hide and then dragging the cursor across to the
last, thus leaving all those in-between highlighted. This can be done in sections. Next select 'Format', then 'Column' and
'Hide'. To restore them, just highlight the column either side of the gap and click on 'Unhide'.
To sort the spreadsheet first click in the extreme top left-hand corner [you may need to do it twice; make sure the top and side borders are now black]. The entire spreadsheet should now be highlighted, not just the row of headings. Then select 'Data' from the toolbar at the top and click 'Sort'. This brings up the Sort window. Make sure that the 'My list has' - 'Header row' has been activated. Click on the down arrow of the 'Sort by' box and you see the beginning of the list of columns.
The first group (A-X, headed in green) convey the basic information; the columns in the second group (1-41, headed in yellow) retrieve and combine different categories of information so as to make searching and sorting more effective. The yellow columns can be reached by clicking the slider in the lower right. The associated essay refers constantly to specifc columns, usually the yellow ones, and invites you to follow the relevant search procedure to retrieve the described results for yourself.
General sorting principles
The default sequence (on Columns A & B) is geographical, clockwise from France round
to Morocco. You can sort on three separate columns simultaneously: just to take one example (1) F. 'Date first seen',
(2) G. 'Chartmaker (black name)', (3) A. 'Geog[raphical] Sort'. This will display the innovative names, by date and
chartmaker, in geographical order. Alternatively, changing the default on the Date search to 'Descending' will
allow the focus to concentrate on names apparently added later.
Sort order
It is important to specify the best order for sorting the columns, since it
will select the data in your first choice column, then sort within that for the second, then again for the
third. Do not start with a column that has every line filled (for example the Geographical number or 'Name on the
chart' (Columns A & D)) because that will just reproduce the original order. Instead, use the appropriate numbered
column where the text has been replaced with a single code.
The accompanying text includes numerous sorting suggestions in order to retrieve the sub-set being discussed. The recommended sequence in which you should specify the columns to be sorted may be indicated thus, e.g (Column F, 29, 3). [Please let me know if you have difficulties with these or notice mistakes.] The yellow-headed columns often contain codes and so you will usually need to look in the green-headed section for the actual data.
Try using the Yellow columns
As a general rule, it is best to specify one or more of the yellow
columns instead of the green ones. This is because most of the yellow columns reduce specific entries to standard
terms or codes, which allows free sorting. Unless you want to put the transcribed place-names (Columns Q-T) into
alphabetical order, use the analytical versions, e.g. Column 12 for the Carte Pisane rather than S. Likewise, for
the Cortona, Lucca and Riccardiana charts, it is best to use Columns 17, 19 and 20 respectively. In some cases the
yellow columns may partially answer your question already as, for instance, when they combine into a single
sequence what would have used all your three sort options (if not more). For a 'menu' to what the columns contain or
offer see the Index to the Columns.
Four sort choices?
If three sorting options is not enough, you can try sorting on one element, and then do a new
three-choice sort. Since it continues from the previous sequence, much of that original order will be retained.
Check the Index to the Columns first
If you decide to investigate for yourself, and you are encouraged to do so, you may find it more convenient to use
the 'Index to the Columns' that follows rather than reading along the spreadsheet headings. This will show you what
is offered in the yellow, analytical columns.
Error message
Some sorts prompt this message: 'Soft Warning: The following sort key may not sort as expected because it
contains numbers formatted as text'. Simply select the 'Sort numbers and numbers stored as text separately' option
and click OK (twice if necessary).
Highlighting
The best way to keep track of one or more columns and rows is to highlight those
temporarily. If you just want to follow down or across the spreadsheet, select the relevant column or row by clicking on
the outer letter or number, which will colour it light blue. If you want to leave it highlighted, choose a colour from the
'Fill Color (Automatic)' (a tipped bucket icon) and click on that. To remove, do the same again and click on 'No Fill'.
Left-hand numbers as a counting device
Another useful feature of Excel is that the numbers in
the left margin, which are outside the spreadsheet, will always be in numerical order. That therefore provides
a useful counting device for your selection or for totalling a sub-group. Note, though, that the first entry will
be Excel No. 2 or 3, which you must subtract from the total.
In the text, all the citations of an individual toponym refer
to the number in Column A, since future additions or deletions may affect the Excel numbering.
Downloading the spreadsheet
You are welcome to make your own copy but, for any long-term use, it
would make more sense to return to the online version. Additions and corrections will almost certainly be made on
a regular basis.
|
If you have queries, problems or suggestions about the Excel spreadsheet please
contact the author, |
|
B. 'a b c', etc. sub-number C. Modern name D. Name on the chart E. Coastal section F. Date first seen in black or Red G. Chartmaker (black name) H. First seen in Red I. Chartmaker (Red name) J. Last seen in Red K. Disappeared - date last seen L. Kretschmer page number |
M. Capacci Page number
|
1. Dated Crusader texts references (Gautier Dalché, 1995 pp. 183-203) - DATES
2. Crusader texts references - CODE
3. 'Liber' / 'Lo compasso' (combined) - CODE
4. 'Liber de existencia riveriarum' - CODE
5. 'Lo compasso de navegare' - CODE
6. Names noted only on 'Liber' or 'Lo compasso' - CODE
7. First text reference noted: Crusader texts, 'Liber' or 'Lo compasso' - DATES
8. 'Antecedent' Names - CODES
9. 'Liber' or 'Lo compasso' names added to charts or portolani after 1400 - CODE
10. Names on any of the four 'early' charts - CODE
11. Carte Pisane / Cortona (combined) - CODE
12. Carte Pisane - CODE
13. Carte Pisane names not on the 'Liber' or 'Lo compasso' - CODE
14. Carte Pisane: no antecedents (all) - CODE
15. Carte Pisane 'Unusual' names - CODE
16. Carte Pisane - Mediterranean (without Atlantic and Black Sea) - CODE
17. Cortona chart - CODE
18. Cortona chart: no antecedents - CODE
19. Lucca chart: 'Definite' & 'Probable' (i.e. codes 1 & 2 only) - CODE
20. Riccardiana (C4): 'Definite' & 'Probable' (i.e. codes 1 & 2 only) - CODE
21. Early names (paired & multiple instances) - Number CODES
22. Archaic, Discarded or Reinstated - CODES
23. Archaic, Discarded or Reinstated - Number CODES
24. 'Foundation Names' - CODE
25. 'Foundation Names' (not on Crusader texts, 'Liber', 'Lo compasso' or Carte Pisane) - CODE
26. Carte Pisane pre-empting 'Foundation Names' 1311-13, i.e. no antecedents - CODE
27. Carte Pisane pre-empting 'Foundation Names' 1311-13 (but on Crusader texts and/or 'Liber', 'Lo compasso') - CODE
28. Additional names: 1313 (in green) onwards - DATES
29. First dated additions: 1313 (in green) to 1327, i.e. no antecedents (Vesconte) - CODE
30. First dated additions: 1330-39, i.e. no antecedents (Dalorto / Dulceti) - CODE
31. Carte Pisane pre-empting Vesconte & Dulceti (1313-39) - CODE
32. 'Precursor Names' - added 1313 (green) onwards, i.e. on any of the four early charts - CODE
33. Car[ignano]; C[orbitis] & P[inelli]-W[alckenaer]; Med[ici Atlas]; Sol[igo] - CODES
34. F.Cesanis, Luxoro Atlas, Cornaro Atlas - CODES
35. Red names - CODE
36. Red names - 'Standard' throughout the period 1311-1600 - CODE
37. Names that disappeared before 1430 - CODE
38. Names that disappeared before 1600 (pure DATES version)
39. Portolani / Rare / Unique - CODES
40. Portolani: unique, rare or reinstated names - B[enincasa], P[arma/Magliabecchi], R[izo],
S[anudo], V[ersi] - CODES
41. Vesconte names seen again only after 1400 - CODE
A. Geog[raphical] Sort Number. This enables the table to be re-sorted into the original
geographical sequence. To make sure that the 'a, b, c' letters are also in order, select that column as the
second sorting option.
Starting in April 2015 the following colours have been introduced for Columns A & B to
denote updating:
Number changes are not ideal but only in that way can the geographical sequence be corrected
as new information becomes available
B. 'a, b, c'. These are mostly names that have been added to the earlier Microsoft table of
'Significant Names' (2012). They have therefore not been systematically checked. Some were added only as a result
of the 'Red Names' analysis, which means that earlier instances in black might have been missed.
The sequence of the added names is arbitrary, both in relation to one another and to the full numbers. Unless a
group was found together on a single chart, their sequence has had to be guessed at. Determining their correct
position will depend on a wider project to identify their current equivalent location.
C. Modern name. This column is very incomplete and should be used with considerable caution, see the
separate note on 'Modern
identifications'. So that they can be readily retrieved, the Capacci (1994) versions normally come as the first
of any alternatives. For the Black Sea those proposed by Gordyeyev (2014) are favoured instead.
The detailed toponymic study by Jacques Mille (2016) for France’s Mediterranean coast
[Excel listing No.400-457] is the first of its kind and provides an ideal model that could be repeated for other regional studies.
It is hoped that those will follow in future. See Jacques Mille, The French Mediterranean coasts on portolan
charts (2016). [60-page, illustrated booklet, examining in detail the coastal configuration and toponymy,
particularly among the earliest charts, where the Cortona is identified as older than the Carte Pisane. Self-
published at the time of the Lisbon Workshop (6-7 June 2016), in 60 copies, it can be purchased from the author
(jacques.mille2 (at) wanadoo.fr)].
D. Name on chart. The chartmaker was not a toponymic editor but a copyist. Thus, when two names, even
if they apparently represent the same place, look very different, they have been separated out in this
listing. The concern here is with medieval reality, and the models used by copyists, not modern local history
scholarship. When there is a range of variations, apparently referring to a single name, examples are given to
reflect that. The names in pink have no specific significance, even though they will almost always be picked out in red on
the charts. They are merely there to aid your navigation.
E. Coastal section. The coastline has been divided into 31 coastal sections. Given the
uncertain identity of some names, one or more boundaries may have been placed at the wrong point
F. Date first seen in Black and/or Red. Noting the first dated (or reliably
datable) work where that name was observed (which might have been red on its first appearance). However, this evidence might be distorted
if earlier works were incomplete or illegible at that point.
Dates up to 1469 will be generally reliable, and particularly where there is a 'P' (for
Pujades) in Column P. For 1470 onwards the dates depended on the availability of
published transcriptions and adequate scans. Future research will certainly adjust some of
those.
To distinguish the toponymic innovations of the various periods, the dates are shown in
different colours, for each of the half centuries up to 1600 and for the 17th century as a
whole. This should make it easier when assessing an undated chart, since only certain
colours are likely to be relevant.
Italicised dates indicate that an earlier work by that chartmaker was incomplete or illegible at that point. Thus 1313
Vesconte dates can be one of three forms: (a) in ordinary roman black for places in the Atlantic and western
Mediterranean, which were not covered on the 1311 chart, (b) in italics for those which might be present, illegibly, on
the 1311 chart, and (c) in green for those which had definitely not been present in 1311. The 1313 green Vesconte names are
treated as the first toponymic additions to the chart corpus.
A number of names are first seen on one or both of the two latest Vesconte works, the 1327 chart in Florence (Pujades C 5)
and the undated Sanudo atlas in the British Library, Add. MS. 27376* (A 8). The atlas contains a letter dated 1330 but this
does not rule out the possibility that the charts had been prepared earlier. Of the names found uniquely on one or other of
the two works a larger number are seen only on the 1327 chart. For that reason it is the atlas instance that has been cited
as the first appearance. The suggested date for the atlas is between about 1325 (since it is clearly later than the
surviving group from c.1321) and 1330. Because the Excel spreadsheet requires a simple date for sorting purposes, this had
been reduced to '1325'. Unless there is a note in the Comments column, the name was also found in 1327, which may be the
correct date of its first appearance. See further about the dating of Add. MS 27376*.
G. Chartmaker (black name), i.e. the first chartmaker noted as
including that name (though it might have been in red on first appearance):
ii. 1470 onwards
H. First seen in Red. The first dated (or reliably datable) work on which that
name was observed in red. However, this evidence might be distorted if earlier works were
incomplete or illegible at that point.
Dates up to 1469 will be generally reliable, and particularly where there is a 'P' (for
Pujades) in Column P. For 1470 onwards the dates depended on the availability of
published transcriptions and adequate scans. Future research will certainly adjust some of
those.
The convention '1339+' is used to denote the latest (though undated) of the three charts by Dalorto/Dulceti.
'1403*' indicates that the name was seen on the undated Francesco Beccari copy in the Cornaro Atlas (but not on
his dated chart of 1403 which is thought to be earlier than that). N.B. Dates with a suffix will sort in a
separate sequence further down.
I. Chartmaker (red name), i.e. the first chartmaker noted as
including that name in red (though it might have been in red on first appearance anyway):
ii. 1470 onwards
For listings and the detailed analysis of red names see the Red Names Menu.
J. Last seen in Red, i.e. the date. [See notes to the following column, most of which apply here.]
K. Disappeared - date last seen
Those dates up to 1469 will be generally reliable, and
particularly where there is a 'P' (for Pujades) in Column P. For 1470 onwards
the dates depended on the availability of published transcriptions and adequate scans.
Future research will certainly adjust some of those.
In three instances last appearances have been found on charts of the same year by different chartmakers. These
are indicated thus: 1449r (Roselli) & 1449v (Vallseca); 1462f (Fiorino) & 1462r (Roselli); 1563o (J. Oliva) &
1563s (Sideri/Callapoda). N.B. Dates with a suffix will sort in a separate sequence further down,
i.e. after the right arrows.
The Freducci family and Sideri (Callapoda) preserved the style and toponymy of the Benincasas long after other
chartmakers had abandoned them. The '+' added to some dates between 1537 and 1570 {altered from '1565' with the
re-discovery in 2014 of the Sideri chart dated 1570, in Central St Martins Library, London} serve to highlight
names that would not normally be found on other 16th-century works. This device guards against a distorted picture
of the general longevity of such names: almost 40 in red and about 85 in black. The '1563s' convention allows the
standard names last seen on the 1563 Sideri atlas to be distinguished from those that had been kept alive by
Benincasa's successors alone - marked with a +.
The symbol → indicates that the name was still seen after 1600.
L. Kretschmer page number. The numbers are page references to Konrad Kretschmer's still very useful name
list of 1909. About 40% of the names in the current list were not found in Kretschmer's, although some of those were
added after 1500, his effective cut-off.
Red = a new entry
Green = a new number
Brown = significant amendments (which may include a
number change)
i. Up to 1469
See the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet A
complete chronological listing of works assigned to the period pre-1501 (and its Explanation) for
brief details of each atlas or chart.
See the Excel spreadsheet above for the period up to 1500.
For details of those and other later charts examined see the Microsoft Office Word 3
listing of Post-1469 charts.
i. Up to 1469
See the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet A
complete chronological listing of works assigned to the period pre-1501 (and its Explanation) for
the details of each atlas or chart.
See the Excel spreadsheet above for the period up to 1500.
For details of those and other later charts examined see the Microsoft Office Word 3
listing of Post-1469 charts.
Column M cites the page numbers, mostly to the glossary section at the end (pp.401-51) where all the instances Capacci found are listed, though, apparently, in neither alphabetical nor chronological order. However, these can be searched for individually in the book's main section, where a code locates each in one of 40 modern countries, or the large islands, with a reference to the chart concerned. The book is essentially a database, with the entries in the glossary generated automatically from the listing. In each case the toponym is output as a single composite word, which has to be searched for literally. Hence cauo de la glorieta appears as cauodelaglorieta and, with any possible alternative spellings, e.g. as cavodelaglorieta, shown separately. There will be an entry under glorieta only if the chartmaker used that word on its own. Note also that the following forms appear at the beginning of the letter concerned: c. or p. (cape or point, or port), f. or r. (river), g. (gulf), i. (island), m. (mountain), or s. (saint - the full-stop is preserved in, e.g. ports.antoine).
Since the glossary does not indicate anything other than the modern name - nearly all of which have been inverted, e.g. Rochelle, La - homonyms will be combined and need to be separated out via the location code in the main listing. However, common names, such as those of saints or saline, may recur within the same country. Help may sometimes be provided by the references to the three continents, or to the Atlantic, Black Sea, Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, or to the name's identification as an island, river, etc. Question-marks in the 'Capacci Page' column, matched to a number in the 'Entry' column, indicate that Capacci could not supply a modern equivalent (or I could not find it). A page number earlier than 400 is supplied in the case of multiple possibilities. An x is used for names not found at all, though in the case of common saints' names no attempt was made to identify them.
The volume has been digitised by the Hathi Trust Digital Library, using the copy from the University of Michigan, and can be searched, but not read online (for copyright reasons). This can be used only to identify the page references for the precise full form of the original toponym as well as the related modern identification. It is no substitute for the book itself.
About half of the entries in this Excel spreadsheet have modern identifications taken from Capacci. They have been placed first, even if others are more plausible, so that, by sorting on 'Modern' name, the entries will output in the page order of his glossary.
O. Puj[ades] Number. These are taken from the comprehensive list (with modern identifications) of the 1,854 place-names on the 1437 Vallseca chart, see La carta de Gabriel de Vallseca de 1439 (Barcelona: Lumenartis, 2009) pp. 151-81 (though only the 1,161 covering the continuous coastline between Dunkirk and Mogador are treated here). Nearly 60% of the names in the current list do not appear on the 1439 chart.
P. Falchetta / Gordyeyev / Pujades . These provide references to, respectively:
NB. If you sort on any of these columns, several hundred vertical lines will precede the names, which will
then appear in alphabetical order.
To enable those names to be randomly selected, use instead the code for
each
(Columns 4, 5, 12, 17 - for the Liber, Compasso de navegare, Carte Pisane and Cortona chart respectively)
If you decide to 'hide' ['Format - Column'] those four columns, a note in the final 'Comments' column will alert you to the coloured instances
Q. 'Liber de existencia riveriarum'. Based on the published edition: Patrick Gautier Dalché, Carte marine et portulan au XIIe siècle: le "Liber de existencia riveriarum et forma maris nostri Mediterranei" (Pise, circa 1200) (Rome: École française de Rome: distributed by Paris: Boccard, 1995). His geographical index was an invaluable tool, often providing modern name, country, former name and alternative name(s). In February 2015 the whole of this important text was mounted on the web on Professor Gautier Dalché's Academia page.
R. 'Lo compasso de navegare'. The standard authority had long been the 1947 edition by Bacchisio Raimondo Motzo, though the Gautier Dalché 'Liber' edition of 1995 included some corrections to Motzo's readings. Now an entirely new edition has appeared: Alessandra Debanne, Lo Compasso de navegare. Edizione del codice Hamilton 396 con commento linguistico e glossario (Brussels, etc.: Peter Lang for the Gruppo degli italianisti delle Università francofone del Belgio, 2011). This text, and the 'Indice toponomastico', have been used here for the transcriptions. For a list of corrections and additions to that index see here (a Microsoft Word table). The author clearly did not have access to a geographically-sequenced name list and left as 'unidentified' a number of names whose general position was already known from charts or other portolani. This applies particularly to the Black Sea. A few names were omitted from Debanne's index and in some cases a single entry combined two different places. When investigated, some names proved to refer to islands rather than the mainland, and so were left out.
S. Carte Pisane. C 1 on the DVD accompanying Pujades (2007). See the general note on the Carte Pisane
T. Cortona chart. Vera Armignacco, 'Una carta nautica della Biblioteca dell'Accademia Etrusca di Cortona', Rivista Geografica Italiana 64 (1957): 185-223, provided a detailed study of this work, including a comparison of its toponymy with the Carte Pisane. This is C 2 on the Pujades DVD. Where possible Armignacco's readings were checked. However, having access to the original, which might possibly have been in better condition half a century ago, led her to propose some readings that cannot be corroborated on the DVD. See the general note on the Cortona chart
U. Lucca (first revealed in 2011). Because many of the names are partially or even wholly illegible, no attempt was made at transcriptions. Instead, the presence of a name was signalled, acording to different levels of confidence. Only the first two were included in the statistical analysis:
1. Definite
2. Probable
3. Possible
{5} e.g., the number of illegible names between those that could be read
See the general note on the Lucca chart
V. Riccardiana (Pujades C 4). Again, full transcriptions were not attempted. Instead, the presence of a name was signalled, acording to different levels of confidence. Only the first two were included in the statistical analysis:
1. Definite
2. Probable
3. Possible
4. Illegible
See the general note on the Riccardiana chart
W. Carignano map, indicating simple instances only. I am grateful to Ramon Pujades for allowing me sight of his own listing. Since this is not yet published, only the (apparent) presence of the name is indicated, not its precise form.
See the general note on the Carignano Map
X. Comments. Abbreviations:
1. Dated Crusader texts references (Gautier Dalché, 1995 pp. 183-203) - DATES
2. Crusaders. Crusader texts references - CODE
3. 'Liber de existencia riveriarum' and 'Lo compasso de navegare'. A means of jointly selecting those names
found on either or both of the 'Liber de existencia riveriarum' and 'Lo compasso de navegare', the two 13th-century written
portolani.
4. Liber. Liber de existencia riveriarum - CODE
5. Lo C. Lo compasso de navegare - CODE
6. unique. Names noted only on the Liber and/or Lo compasso - CODE
7. First text reference noted: Crusader texts, Liber, Lo compasso - DATES
8. 'Antecedent Names' - CODES.
9. added. Liber and/or Lo compasso names added to charts or portolani after 1400 -
CODE
10. four. Names seen on any of the four 'early' charts - CODE
11. Pisane & Cortona charts.
12. CP. Carte Pisane - CODE [an
'x' suffix, which files at the end of a sort, is used for wholly illegible instances]
13. Pisane. Carte Pisane names not on the Liber or Lo compasso - CODE
14. Pisane 1st. Carte Pisane: no antecedents (all) - CODE [i.e. not present on any of the 12th or
13th-century texts considered]
15. Unusual. Carte Pisane 'UNUSUAL' names - CODE
16. CP Med. Carte Pisane - Mediterranean (without the Atlantic and Black Sea) - CODE
17. Cort. Cortona chart - CODE [an
'x' suffix, which files at the end of a sort, is used for the wholly illegible instances]
18. Cortona. Cortona chart: no recorded antecedents - CODE
19. Lucca. Lucca chart: 'Definite' & 'Probable' (i.e. codes 1 & 2 only) - CODE
20. Riccard. Riccardiana chart (C4): 'Definite' & 'Probable' (i.e. codes 1 & 2 only) - CODE
Noting all the coastal place-names that can be identified in this listing, which are referred to in ten separate
accounts of voyages undertaken in the course of crusades, from the Second in 1147 up to 1271. [Note that only the
date of the earliest narrative is given in the case of multiple references.]
See the general note on each manuscript in Brief notes on the main documents discussed in this
essay
[Date] (Cr.). on Crusader text
[Date] (Lib.). on Liber
[Date] (Lo C.). on Lo compasso
The label 'Ante' for Antecedents indicates names that appear on the Liber de
existencia riveriarum and/or Lo compasso de navegare, but are absent from the Carte Pisane, Cortona, Lucca &
Riccardiana charts, and are repeated later. There are three sub-categories:
ante. Liber and/or Lo compasso names found on dated charts (after 1311/13)
ante (P). Liber and/or Lo compasso names repeated on written portolani of the 15th
century [on the later portolani see also Columns 9, 39 & 40]
ante (U). Liber and/or Lo compasso names found on undated charts (but not the four cited above)
For additions before 1400 see Column 8 'Antecedents' for the 'ante (P)' entries.
This identifies any name which appears on one or more of the Carte Pisane, Cortona, Lucca and Riccardiana charts.
There are approximately 1,300 such mainland names.
A means of jointly selecting those names found on either or both of those charts
[comprising those coded as 'Rare' or 'Unique' (see
Column 39) or not expected in the early period, i.e. those that had disappeared by the middle of the 14th century, or
are first otherwise noted from 1367 onwards]
PAIRINGS
This considers only 'Archaic' names [on which see Columns 22 & 23] or those introduced after the first Vesconte
treatment (1311 or 1313, counting only the green instances, i.e. the 'Foundation Names' are excluded). The three-digit
codes isolate paired instances between the Liber de existencia riveriarum and/or Lo compasso de
navegare, on the one hand, and the Carte Pisane, Cortona and Lucca charts, on the other. The Riccardiana chart and
Carignano map are not considered for the first three 'Paired' groups but please see the relevant entries in the Comments
column. [Note that the restricted legibility of the three charts makes it likely that other coincidences will be
identified in future. The sub-totals are therefore indicative only.]
These codes overlap to a
large extent with those for Column 23. 'Archaic, Discarded or Reinstated - Number CODES'. The variations reflect the
different emphases of the two listings.
Paired instances - one or both portolani and a single chart:
The four-digit codes starting with 1 indicate names apparently seen first on dated charts (after 1311/13) and appearing on three out of the four of the Carte Pisane, Cortona, Lucca and Riccardiana charts, as well as in the Liber de existencia riveriarum and/or Lo compasso de navegare. For instances on the Carignano map see the relevant entry in the Comments column (via Column 33).
The four-digit codes starting with 2 indicate names apparently seen first on dated charts (after 1311/13) and appearing on three out of the four of the Carte Pisane, Cortona, Lucca and Riccardiana charts, but not included in the Liber de existencia riveriarum or Lo compasso de navegare.
Discarded. 1311 or 1313 ('Foundation') names introduced by Vesconte but not apparently repeated by those who followed him
Reinstated. Early names, revived from the second half of the 14th or more usually 15th century onwards
23. Archaic, Discarded or Reinstated - Number CODES
These codes overlap to a large extent with those for Column 21. 'Early Names (paired & multiple instances) CODES'.
The variations reflect the different emphases of the two listings.
24. Found. 'Foundation Names' - CODE
Names appearing on the earliest dated
coverage, i.e. all the 1311 Vesconte names and those from 1313 that are listed in black, not green
25. Found. (1st). 'Foundation Names' (not on Crusader texts, Liber or Lo compasso, or Carte Pisane) - CODE
26. Pre-empt. Carte Pisane pre-empting 'Foundation Names' 1311-13, i.e. no recorded antecedents - CODE
27. Carte Pisane pre-empting 'Foundation Names' 1311-13 (but on Crusader texts, Liber and/or Lo compasso) -
CODES
28. Additional names: 1313 (green) onwards - DATES (i.e. all names added to dated charts)
29. Vesconte. First dated additions, 1313 (green)-1327, and no recorded antecedents (Vesconte) - CODE
30. Dulceti. First dated additions, 1330-39, and no recorded antecedents (Dalorto/Dulceti) - CODE
31. Carte Pisane pre-empting Vesconte & Dulceti, 1313-39 - CODE
32. pre(4 charts). 'Precursor Names' - added 1313 (green) or later - i.e. on any of the four early charts - CODE
Used in this context to identify names found on one or more of Carte Pisane, Cortona, Lucca &
Riccardiana charts and otherwise noted on dated charts only from 1313 [green instances], i.e. not 'Foundation Names'.
CPW - 'Precursor' names (post-1400) seen on the Corbitis and/or Pinelli-Walckenaer atlases (sometimes with the Luxoro atlas as well [but see next column]) or as revivals of names found in the 13th-century portolani. See the general note on the co-authored Corbitis and Pinelli-Walckenaer atlases
CPWr - revivals of names seen on the Corbitis and/or Pinelli-Walckenaer atlases (usually seen previously only on Vesconte)
CPWu - unique (or very rare) names seen on the Corbitis and/or Pinelli-Walckenaer atlases
Med. - Medici Atlas, of uncertain dating or origin but clearly significant. Some instances have been given an alternative coding here but the name will still appear in brown in the Comments column.
Sol. - Soligo. Names found on the copy of a Zuan Soligo chart in the Cornaro Atlas (c.1489), usually as unique occurrences or as revivals of earlier instances. Soligo had died before 1513 and his chart might have been produced close to the date of the Cornaro atlas. If so, it is interesting that, in five instances, the 1490 Rizo portolano refers to the same revived name. For the unique instances, sort on Column X ('Comments') and scroll down to 'noted only on the Z.Soligo copy in the Cornaro Atlas'
34. F.Cesanis, Luxoro Atlas, Cornaro Atlas - CODES
Names definitely or possibly seen first on the work of
Francesco Cesanis or revived by him. More work needs to be done to establish a reliable chronology for the four versions,
since each includes names not found on the others. See the brief general note on Cesanis
35. Red names. Selecting and sorting on this column is the easiest way to isolate those names observed at least once in red. For the detailed analysis of red names see the Red Names Menu.
36. Standard. Red names - 'Standard' throughout the period 1311-1600 - CODE
37. dis. Names that disappeared before 1430 - CODE
See also Column 22. 'Archaic, Discarded or Reinstated - Codes'
38. Names that disappeared before 1600 (a 'pure' Dates version, interfiling the suffixed entries found via Column K)
39. P, R, U. A non-rigorous classification
1. P - Portolano (referring to names seen, not on charts, but in portolani). [For the full listing of
portolani references see Column 40. Names found only in the two 13th-century works are not given that designation,
but can be retrieved instead via Column 6.]
2. R - Rare
3. U - Unique
40. Portolani: unique, rare or reinstated names - CODES. These references are taken from Kretschmer (1909), who
transcribed the texts and indexed the names individually in his detailed listing
41. revived. Vesconte names seen again only after 1400 - CODE
This evidence was not looked for at the time and it
will certainly be incomplete. I was alerted to several instances by Anton Gordyeyev's Black Sea listing.