B. 'a, b, c'. These are mostly names that have been added to the earlier, Microsoft table of 'Significant Names' (2012). They have therefore not been systematically checked. Some were added only as a result of the 'Red Names' analysis, which means that earlier instances in black might have been missed. A few names came to light during the later stages of that exercise and are indicated as such by having their number in green.

The sequence of the added names is arbitrary, both in relation to one another and to the full numbers. Unless a group was found together on a single chart, their sequence has had to be guessed at. Determining their correct position will depend on a wider project to identify their current equivalent location.

C. Modern name. This column is very incomplete and should be used with considerable caution, see the separate note on 'Modern identifications'.

D. Name on chart. The chartmaker was not a toponymic editor but a copyist. Thus, when two names, even if they apparently represent the same place, look very different, they have been separated out in this listing. The concern here is with medieval reality, and models used by copyists, not modern local history scholarship. When there is a range of variations, apparently referring to a single name, examples are given to reflect that.The names in red have no specific significance, though they will almost always be picked out in red on the charts. They are merely there to aid navigation.

(*) indicates a footnote to the Tables of Red Names

E. Coastal section. The coastline has been divided into 31 coastal sections. Given the uncertain identity of some names, one or more boundaries may have been placed at the wrong point

F. Date first seen in Black and/or Red. Noting the first dated (or reliably datable) work where that name was observed (which might have been red on its first appearance). However, this evidence might be distorted if earlier works were incomplete or illegible at that point.

Dates up to 1469 will be generally reliable, and particularly where there is a 'P' (for Pujades) in the 'F, P' column. For 1470 onwards the dates depended on the availability of published transcriptions and adequate scans. Future research will certainly adjust some of those.

To distinguish the toponymic innovations of the various periods, the dates are shown in different colours, for each of the half centuries up to 1600 and for the 17th century as a whole. This should make it easier when assessing an undated chart, since only certain colours are likely to be relevant.

Italicised dates indicate that an earlier work by that chartmaker was incomplete or illegible at that point. Thus 1313 Vesconte dates can be one of three forms: (a) in ordinary roman black for places in the Atlantic and western Mediterranean, which were not covered on the 1311 chart, (b) in italics for those which might be present, illegibly, on the 1311 chart, and (c) in green for those which had definitely not been present in 1311. The green Vesconte names are treated as the first toponymic additions to the chart corpus.

A number of names are first seen on one or both of the two latest Vesconte works, the 1327 chart in Florence (Pujades C 5) and the undated Sanudo atlas in the British Library, Add. MS. 27376* (A 8). The atlas contains a letter dated 1330 but this does not rule out the possibility that the charts had been prepared earlier. Of the names found uniquely on one or other of the two works a larger number [* as opposed to *] are seen only on the 1327 chart. For that reason it is the atlas instance that has been cited as the first appearance. The suggested date for the atlas is between about 1325 (since it is clearly later than the surviving group from c.1321) and 1330. Because the Excel spreadsheet requires a simple date for sorting purposes, this had been reduced to '1325'. Unless there is a note in the Comments column the name was also found in 1327, which may be the correct date of its first appearance.

G. Chartmaker (black name), i.e. the first chartmaker noted as including that name (though it might have been in red on first appearance):
i. Up to 1469
See the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet A complete chronological listing of works assigned to the period pre-1501 (and its Explanation) for brief details of each atlas or chart.

ii. 1470 onwards
See the Excel spreadsheet above for the period up to 1500. For details of those and other later charts examined see the Microsoft Office Word 3 listing of Post-1469 charts.

H. First seen in Red. The first dated (or reliably datable) work on which that name was observed. However, this evidence might be distorted if earlier works were incomplete or illegible at that point.

Dates up to 1469 will be generally reliable, and particularly where there is a 'P' (for Pujades) in the 'F, P' column. For 1470 onwards the dates depended on the availability of published transcriptions and adequate scans. Future research will certainly adjust some of those.

The convention '1339+' is used to denote the latest (though undated) of the three charts by Dalorto/Dulceti. '1403*' indicates that the name was seen on the undated Francesco Beccari copy in the Cornaro Atlas (but not on his dated chart of 1403 which is thought to be earlier than that). N.B. Dates with a suffix will sort in a separate sequence further down.

I. Chartmaker (red name), i.e. the first chartmaker noted as including that name in red (though it might have been in red on first appearance anyway):
i. Up to 1469
See the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet A complete chronological listing of works assigned to the period pre-1501 (and its Explanation) for the details of each atlas or chart.

ii. 1470 onwards
See the Excel spreadsheet above for the period up to 1500. For details of those and other later charts examined see the Microsoft Office Word 3 listing of Post-1469 charts.

For listings and the detailed analysis of red names see the Red Names Menu.

J. Last seen in Red, i.e. the date. [See notes to the following column, most of which apply here.]

K. Disappears altogether after ...? Those dates up to 1469 will be generally reliable, and particularly where there is a 'P' (for Pujades) in the 'F, P' column. For 1470 onwards the dates depended on the availability of published transcriptions and adequate scans. Future research will certainly adjust some of those.

In three instances last appearances have been found on charts of the same year by different chartmakers. These are indicated thus: 1449r (Roselli) & 1448v (Vallseca); 1462f (Fiorino) & 1462r (Roselli); 1563o (J. Oliva) & 1563s (Sideri/Callapoda). N.B. Dates with a suffix will sort in a separate sequence further down, i.e. after the right arrow.

The Freducci family and Sideri (Callapoda) preserved the style and toponymy of the Benincasas long after other chartmakers had abandoned them. The '+' added to some dates between 1537 and 1565 {altered to '1570' with the re- discovery of the Sideri chart dated 1570, in Central St Martins Library, London} serve to highlight names that would not normally be found on other 16th-century works. This device guards against a distorted picture of the general longevity of such names: almost 40 in red and about 85 in black. The '1563s' convention allows the standard names last seen on the 1563 Sideri atlas to be distinguished from those that had been kept alive by Benincasa's successors alone - marked with a +.

The symbol  →   indicates that the name was still seen after 1600.

L. Kretschmer page number. The numbers are page references to Konrad Kretschmer's still very useful name list of 1909. About 40% of the names in the current list are not in Kretschmer's.

M. [& N. - later] Capacci page and entry numbers respectively. Alberto Capacci's La toponomastica nella cartografia nautica di tipo medievale (1994) is the only work to attempt a systematic survey of portolan chart toponymy. Unfortunately it is very hard to locate. It comprises an alphabetical index of 21,393 numbered toponymic variants with, in half the cases, their modern identifications, as well as an index of about 2,700 modern names, some showing a range of variant forms. This section is referred to here as the 'glossary'. The names are extracted from the following charts (with my Census numbers for those pre-1500): 14. Carte Pisane, 62. Cortona chart, 4. Vesconte 1318 atlas in Vienna {not 1321}, 81. Luxoro Atlas (c.1420), 28. Catalan Atlas, 116. Giroldi 1426, Andrea Benincasa 1508, Maggiolo 1561, Agnese (undated, in Bergamo), Martines 1571, Prunes 1601, printed Homem chart 1569, printed Crescenzio chart 1596, Caloiro e Oliva 1639, Michelot & Bremond (printed atlas, c.1730).

Column M cites the page numbers, mostly to the glossary section at the end (pp.401-51) where all the instances he found are listed, though, apparently, in neither alphabetical nor chronological order. However, these can be searched for individually in the book's main section, where each is located in one of 40 modern countries, or the large islands, with a reference to the chart concerned. The book is essentially a database, with the entries in the glossary generated automatically from the listing. In each case the toponym is output as a single composite word, which has to be searched for literally. Hence cauo de la glorieta appears as cauodelaglorieta and, with any possible alternative spellings, e.g. as cavodelaglorieta. There will be an entry under glorieta only if the chartmaker used that word on its own. Note also that the following forms appear at the beginning of the letter concerned: c. or p. (cape or point, or port), f. or r. (river), g. (gulf), i. (island), m. (mountain), or s. (saint - the full-stop is preserved in, e.g. ports.antoine).

Since the glossary does not indicate anything other than the modern name - nearly all of which have been inverted, e.g. Rochelle, La - homonyms will be combined and need to be separated out via the main listing. However, common names, such as those of saints or saline, may recur within the same country. Help may sometimes be provided by the references to the three continents, or to the Atlantic, Black Sea, Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, or to its identification as an island, river, etc. Question-marks in the 'Page' column, matched to a number in the 'Entry' column, indicate that Capacci could not supply a modern equivalent (or it was not found). A page number earlier than 400 is supplied in the case of multiple possibilities. An x is used for names not found at all, though,in the case of common saints' names, no attempt was made.

The volume has been digitised by the Hathi Trust Digital Library, using the copy from the University of Michigan, and can be searched, but not read online (for copyright reasons). This can be used only to identify the page references for the precise full form of the original toponym as well as the related modern identification. It is no substitute for the book itself.

About half of the entries in this Excel spreadsheet have modern identifications taken from Capacci. They have been placed first, even if others are more likely, so that, by sorting on 'Modern' name, the entries will output in the page order of his glossary.

N. Puj[ades] Number. These are taken from the comprehensive list (with modern identifications) of the 1,854 place-names on the 1437 Vallseca chart, see La carta de Gabriel de Vallseca de 1439 (Barcelona: Lumenartis, 2009) pp. 151-81 (though only the 1,161 covering the continuous coastline between Dunkirk and Mogador are treated here). Nearly 60% of the names in the current list do not appear on the 1439 chart.

O. F P . These provide references to, respectively:

• Piero Falchetta. Periplus Adriaticus. ("Elenco comparato dei toponimi costieri dell'Adriatico (isole escluse) di quarantacinque carte e atlanti nautici italiani manoscritti dei secoli XIV e XV / Comparative list of the place-names along the Adriatic coastlines (islands excluded) from forty-five Italian manuscript portolan charts and atlases of the 14th and 15th Centuries"). (Undated web page - toponymy from Otranto (my No.632) to Golfo di Larta (No.900), noting for each name the variants and their incidences, from 39 pre-1500 atlases & charts, and four portolani - the section from Otranto to Ancona (632-706) was not covered in the Pujades listing).
• Ramon Pujades (2007) (a) Valencia & Catalunya coast (pp. 386-97 - my Nos 337-401), (b) Northern Adriatic (pp.350-85 - Nos 706-833) - comprehensive up to 1469, from a total of 94 works.

P. Red name. Selecting and sorting on this column is the easiest way to isolate those names observed at least once in red. For the detailed analysis of red names see the Red Names Menu.

Q. P, R, U. A non-rigorous classification of names seen on portolani rather than charts, considered Rare (R) or Unique (U).

1. P - Portolano (referring to names seen, not on charts, but in portolani). Those found only in the two 13th-century works are not given that designation, but can be retrieved instead via a sort on Column Z 'Comments' where they will file together under "'Liber de existencia riveriarum' only" or "'Lo compasso' only" {better way ??}
2. R - Rare
3. U - Unique

R. 'Liber' & 'Lo compasso'. A means of jointly selecting those names found on either or both of the 'Liber de existencia riveriarum' and 'Lo compasso de navegare', the two 13th-century written portolani.

S. Pisane & Cortona charts. A means of jointly selecting those names found on either or both of the Carte Pisane (BnF, Cartes et Plans, B 1118) and the chart preserved in the Biblioteca dell'Accademia Etrusca, Cortona. Anonymous and undated, they have until recently been generally accepted as the earliest survivors. Whether dated to the late 13th century or just into the 14th, they have been considered to pre-date the first chart that carries a date, Vesconte's of 1311. However, Ramon Pujades (2013(b)) has recently argued, partly on the basis of some toponyms not otherwise noted before the late 14th century (or even later), that those two charts (and the recently discovered and closely related Lucca chart) should be relegated to that period or even into the 15th century. Further discussion is certainly needed on this important point and it is hoped that including the full list of their mainland toponyms (insofar as they can be read) will assist the debate.

T. 'Liber de existencia riveriarum'. Based on the published edition: Patrick Gautier Dalché, Carte marine et portulan au XIIe siècle: le "Liber de existencia riveriarum et forma maris nostri Mediterranei" (Pise, circa 1200) (Rome: École française de Rome: distributed by Paris: Boccard, 1995). His geographical index was an invaluable tool, often providing modern name, country, former name and alternative name(s).

U. 'Lo compasso de navegare'. The standard authority has long been the 1947 edition by Bacchisio Raimondo Motzo, though the Gautier Dalché 'Liber' edition of 1995 included some corrections to Motzo's readings. Now an entirely new edition has appeared: Alessandra Debanne, Lo Compasso de navegare. Edizione del codice Hamilton 396 con commento linguistico e glossario (Brussels, etc.: Peter Lang for the Gruppo degli italianisti delle Università francofone del Belgio, 2011). This text, and the 'Indice toponomastico', have been used here for the transcriptions. For a list of corrections and additions to that index see here (a Microsoft Word table). The author clearly did not have access to a geographically-sequenced name list and left as 'unidentified' a number of names whose general position was already known from charts or other portolani. This applies particularly to the Black Sea. A few names were omitted from Debanne's index and in some cases a single entry combined two different places. When investigated, some names proved to refer to islands not the mainland, and so were left out.

V. Carte Pisane. C1 on the DVD accompanying Pujades (2007). See the general note on the Carte Pisane

W. Cortona chart. Vera Armignacco, 'Una carta nautica della Biblioteca dell'Accademia Etrusca di Cortona', Rivista Geografica Italiana 64 (1957): 185-223, provided a detailed study of this work, including a comparison of its toponymy with the Carte Pisane. This is C2 on the Pujades DVD. Where possible Armignacco's readings were checked. However, having access to the original, which might possibly have been in better condition half a century ago, led her to propose some readings that cannot be corroborated on the DVD. See the general note on the Cortona chart

X. Lucca. Because many of the names are partially or even wholly illegible, no attempt was made at transcriptions. Instead, the presence of a name was signalled, acording to different levels of confidence. Only the first two were included in the statistical analysis:

1. Definite
2. Probable
3. Possible
{5} e.g., the number of illegible names between those that could be read

See the general note on the Lucca chart

Y. Riccardiana (Pujades C4). Again, full transcriptions were not attempted. Instead, the presence of a name was signalled, acording to different levels of confidence. Only the first two were included in the statistical analysis:

1. Definite
2. Probable
3. Possible
4. Illegible

See the general note on the Riccardiana chart

Z. Comments. Abbreviations:

K - e.g. (K.581) = Kretschmer (1909), with page number
m. = millara (portolan mile), in references to the 'Liber de existencia riveriarum' and 'Lo compasso de navegare'
Pujades, e.g. 'A13' or 'C6', refers to the atlas or chart number respectively of the scan in the DVD accompanying Les Cartes Portulanes (2007)